Effects of Corruption Control on the Number of Undernourished People in Developing Countries.

Developing countries will be home to 85% of the world's population by 2030. Hence, it is important to ensure food security for them. This effort is not easy, as the number of undernourished people (NUP) in the world has increased. We investigated the impact of food and non-production factors on the NUP in developing countries. This study employed secondary data from 57 developing countries between 2002 and 2018. These countries come from three regions, namely Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. One-step and two-step generalized method of moments (sys-GMM) models were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the food production index, cereal import dependency ratio, economic globalization index, and human capital index had different effects on the NUP in each region. The excellent news is that corruption control can help developing countries minimize their NUP. Based on the findings, we propose efforts to improve physical and economical food access and control corruption, and developing country governments and the international community must demonstrate a strong commitment to reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.

COVID-19 and real e-government and e-learning Adoption in Iraq

Today, e-government services globally are a true indicator of the growth of countries and societies, and it's a mirror of the country. With all the digital conditions, Iraqi society is growing and continuing its movement towards building an information society without any significant government influence. According to the United Nations e-government survey 2018 and 2020, Iraq placed in the 155th, and 143th position among the world countries, and according to the ITE statistical reports, 103 % of Iraqi citizens have cell phones (82 % according to World Bank reports), and 100 % of these cell phones are smart phones. With 17 % using the Internet, the %age among the Iraqi population is rising. These numbers suggest that Iraqi society can easily be an electronic society, but the truth on the ground says something entirely different, and it's as simple as there's no true Iraqi e-government. The pandemic of Covid-19 proves that Iraqi society has the capacity to use online services. The main reason for this weakness is the failure of ongoing e-learning trials in the Iraqi education and higher education systems in Iraq. Today, the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education (MOHEDSR) is actually beginning to successfully adopt e-learning services through ministry and university capabilities, not e-government support, in all Iraqi higher education sectors. Digital skills are required to prepare for future occupations. © 2021 IEEE.